Acknowledgments • Introduction • PART I: THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT • Benefits: Why Sports Participation for Girls and Women (2016)—Women’s Sports Foundation • Climbing through the Glass Ceiling (2015)—Chuck Tanowitz • I Am Woman, See Me (Sweat)! Older Women and Sport (2016)—Maureen M. Smith • Illini Paralympian Is Racing to Help Russian Adoptees (2013)—Sean Hammond • Women’s Soccer Is a Feminist Issue (2015)—Maggie Mertens • Sport Has Huge Potential to Empower Women and Girls (2016)—Lakshmi Puri • PART II: BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS • Women in the Water: They Love to Flounder but Few Become Good Swimmers (1895)—Anonymous, New York Times • Sport, Physical Training, and Womanhood (1939)—Stephan K. Westmann • Does the Menstrual Cycle Affect Sporting Performance? (2015)—James McIntosh • Position Statement on Girls and Women in Sports (2002)—Lyle Micheli, Angela Smith, Francisco Biosca, and Patricia Sangenis, with Mark Jenkins • Girls Suffer Sports Concussions at a Higher Rate Than Boys. Why Is That Overlooked? (2015)—Marjorie A. Snyder • Women’s Sport: What Everyone Needs to Know (2018)—Jaime Schultz • Female Athletes Dope, Too (2016)—Ian McMahan • PART III: PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES • Mental Health and Well-Being (2015)—E. J. Staurowsky, M. J. DeSousa, K. E. Miller, D. Sabo, S. Shakib, N. Theberge, P. Veliz, A. Weaver, and N. Williams • Sports Participation and Positive Correlates in African American, Latino, and White Girls (2015)—Susan C. Duncan, Lisa A. Strycker, and Nigel R. Chaumeton • The Pressure of Pulling Your Own Weight in Rowing (2017)—D’Arcy Maine • Shouts from the Stands: A Letter to USA Swimming about Gender Stereotypes (2015)—Kelsey Theriault • Trends in Gender-related Research in Sport and Exercise Psychology (2011)—Nicole M. LaVoi • PART IV: SEX, GENDER, AND THE RULES OF INCLUSION • Is Gender Segregation in Sports Necessary? (2016)—Alice Sanders • Wimbledon Has Sent Me a Message: I’m Only a Second-Class Champion (2006)—Venus Williams • So What If Some Female Olympians Have High Testosterone? (2016)—Jaime Schultz • Hyperandrogenism and Women versus Women versus Men in Sport: A Q&A with Joanna Harper (2016)—Ross Tucker • On the Team: Equal Opportunity for Transgender Student Athletes (2010)—Pat Griffin and Helen J. Carroll • PART V: ATHLETES PERFORMING MASCULINITIES AND FEMININITIES • All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Rules of Conduct, 1943–1954 —All-American Girls Professional Baseball League • Debunking the “Throw like a Girl” Myth (2015)—Jenn Savedge • Playing “Too Womany” and the Problem of Masculinity in Sport (2013)—Joanna L. Grossman and Deborah L. Brake • Living the Paradox: Female Athletes Negotiate Femininity and Muscularity (2004)—Vikki Krane, Precilla Y. L. Choi, Shannon M. Baird, Christine M. Aimar, and Kerrie J. Kauer • Something to Cheer About? (2014)—Jaime Schultz • PART VI: SEXUALITIES AND SPORT • Women in Sports Should Look Beautiful (1936)—Paul Gallico • Athletes and Magazine Spreads: Does Sexy Mean Selling Out? (2012)—Laura Pappano • 2012 Harvard Men’s Soccer Team Produced Sexually Explicit “Scouting Report” on Female Recruits (2016)—C. Ramsey Fahs • Stronger Together (2016)—Kelsey Clayman, Brooke Dickens, Alika Keene, Emily Mosbacher, Lauren Varela, and Haley Washburn • Changing the Game: Homophobia, Sexism, and Lesbians in Sport (1992)—Pat Griffin • Gag Orders on Sexuality (2013)—Allie Grasgreen • Devastating Report Details Toxic Culture That Led to the Worst Sex Abuse Scandal in U.S. Sports (2017)—Lindsay Gibbs • PART VII: INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER • “Cinderellas” of Sport: Black Women in Track and Field (2003)—Susan Cahn • One-Legged Leotards and Tiger-Striped Fingernails: Florence Griffith-Joyner and the Representation of Black Femininity (2015)—Lindsay Parks Pieper • Finishing Last: Girls of Color and School Sports Opportunities (2015)—National Women’s Law Center and Poverty and Race Research Action Council • America’s Painful Journey from Prejudice to Greatness in Women’s Gymnastics (2016)—Celisa Calacal and Lindsay Gibbs • All about Eve on Ice: Creating a New Olympic Rivalry between Blonde Girls, Just in Time (2014)—Andi Zeisler • Media Fail to Give Real First Asian American Olympic Gold Medalist Her Due (2016)—Devin Israel Cabanilla • On the Rez (2001)—Ian Frazier • PART VIII: WOMEN, SPORT, AND THE MEDIA • Women Play Sport, but Not on TV: A Longitudinal Study of Televised News Media (2013)—Cheryl Cooky, Michael A. Messner, and Robin H. Hextrum • Depicting the Sporting Body: The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Disability in Women’s Sport and Fitness Magazines (2006)—Marie Hardin, Susan Lynn, and Kristie Walsdorf • How to Talk about Female Olympians without Being a Regressive Creep: A Handy Guide (2016)—Lindy West • Breaking: Women in Hijab Play Sports (2016)—Shireen Ahmed • Women in Sports Media Face Unrelenting Sexism in Challenges to Their Expertise and Opinions (2016)—Julie DiCaro • PART IX: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE • Title IX and Athletics: Leveling the Playing Field Leads to Long-Term Success (2017)—National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education • Forty-Five Years of Title IX: The Status of Women in Intercollegiate Athletics (2017) • Amy S. Wilson • Girls’ Participation in Physical Activities and Sports: Benefits, Patterns, Influences, and Ways Forward (2005)—R. Bailey, I. Wellard, and H. Dismore • Women in the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games: An Analysis of Participation, Leadership, and Media Coverage (2017)—E. J. Houghton, L. P. Pieper, and M. M. Smith • Strategies for Change (1995)—Feminist Majority Foundation • Index